Nanocomposites in 3D Bioprinting for Engineering Conductive and Stimuli?Responsive Constructs Mimicking Electrically Sensitive Tissue

Rebuilding damaged or diseased tissue by means of biological additive manufacturing has recently gained lot attention and shown very promising result. Using biofabrication techniques to mimic replicate natural as well cell environment is a capable way achieve physiologically relevant conditions. Especially in electrophysiological human like cardiac neural tissue, proper signal transduction paramount importance for appropriate function maturation differentiation. Precisely, these conductive properties are challenging engineer. However, outstanding work been done recently. Therefore, this review focuses on additives, i.e., nanocomposites with intrinsic properties, the usually nonconductive hydrogels used 3D-bioprinting. Recent exploiting nanocomposites, such metal nanoparticles (NPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, MXenes, alter nanoenvironment manufactured construct toward tissues presented. An overview responsiveness external stimuli, second property provided well. Furthermore, materials critically analyzed concerning their electrophysiology, cell–scaffold interaction, biocompatibility toxicological properties.